Process hazards
Review cutting, welding, heat, pressure, ejection, chemicals, electricity and stored energy.
Scope boundary · 18
A cobot may still need guarding
Determine safeguards from the application hazard, not from the commercial category of the robot.
Evidence statusEngineering decision framework · application validation requiredLast reviewed: 13 August 2026
18
FUURAA thesis
Collaborative operation is one risk-reduction option; unacceptable process or trapping risk can still require separation.
Engineering map
Turn the title into engineering objects that can be observed, measured and reviewed.
Each layer states the boundary to establish and the evidence needed for the next decision.
Geometric hazards
Find crushing, trapping, shearing, sharp edges and restricted escape.
Safeguard selection
Combine elimination, design reduction, guards, sensing, procedures and information.
Verification questions
Write the questions first, then decide whether a demo, test, pilot or operating record can answer them.
Each question needs an object, conditions, denominator, threshold and accountable decision owner.
- 01
Which hazards are unrelated to robot contact force?
- 02
Where can a person be trapped despite low speed?
- 03
Can the hazard be eliminated before adding sensing?
- 04
Which phases still require physical separation?
Evidence to preserve
Enable the next reader to reconstruct conditions, results, failures and the decision.
A conclusion alone loses reviewability; raw records, configuration and exclusions matter too.
- 01
Evidence package 1
Application hazard and risk-reduction hierarchy
- 02
Evidence package 2
Safeguard selection and validation record
- 03
Evidence package 3
Residual-risk and access-control evidence
Scope boundary
State what this evidence still cannot be generalised to.
- 01
The term cobot is not permission to remove guards or skip application risk assessment.
- 02
This is an engineering reading and decision framework; it does not replace application-specific risk assessment, conformity work, procurement acceptance or professional advice.
Sources and evidence status
Read standards scope, measurement evidence and application conclusions separately.
Source dates and review status remain visible; external sources open in a new tab.
01
ISO · 2025-02
↗02ISO 10218-2:2025 — Industrial robot applications and robot cells
Addresses integration, commissioning, operation, maintenance and decommissioning of complete industrial robot applications and cells.
ISO · 2016-02 · confirmed 2022
↗03ISO/TS 15066:2016 — Collaborative robots
Specifies safety requirements for collaborative industrial robot systems and work environments and supplements ISO 10218.
OSHA · Reviewed 2026-08-13
↗Industrial robots and robot system safety
Highlights application hazard analysis, worker participation and risks during programming, testing, maintenance and recovery.