Separation
Use layout, barriers, timing and access control before sensing alone.
Deployment evaluation · 16
Mixed-traffic safety zone
Test crossings, blind corners, docks, falling loads, emergency routes and foreseeable pedestrian behaviour.
Evidence statusDeployment decision framework · site and workflow validation requiredLast reviewed: 14 August 2026
16
FUURAA thesis
Collision avoidance is one control inside a wider traffic and workplace safety system.
Engineering map
Turn the title into engineering objects that can be observed, measured and reviewed.
Each layer states the boundary to establish and the evidence needed for the next decision.
Interaction
Define right-of-way, yielding, alerts and uncertainty.
Incident
Preserve near-miss, stop and investigation evidence.
Verification questions
Write the questions first, then decide whether a demo, test, pilot or operating record can answer them.
Each question needs an object, conditions, denominator, threshold and accountable decision owner.
- 01
Where can people be occluded?
- 02
Are routes legible to visitors?
- 03
Can a stopped robot block egress?
- 04
How are near misses reviewed?
Evidence to preserve
Enable the next reader to reconstruct conditions, results, failures and the decision.
A conclusion alone loses reviewability; raw records, configuration and exclusions matter too.
- 01
Evidence package 1
Mixed-traffic risk and control map
- 02
Evidence package 2
Challenge-condition stopping results
- 03
Evidence package 3
Near-miss and corrective-action record
Scope boundary
State what this evidence still cannot be generalised to.
- 01
ISO 3691-4 operating-zone work does not cover public zones and cannot be treated as a universal mobile-robot approval.
- 02
This is an engineering reading and decision framework; it does not replace application-specific risk assessment, conformity work, procurement acceptance or professional advice.
Sources and evidence status
Read standards scope, measurement evidence and application conclusions separately.
Source dates and review status remain visible; external sources open in a new tab.
01
ISO · Published 2023-06 · revision in progress
↗02ISO 3691-4:2023 — Driverless industrial trucks and their systems
Specifies safety requirements and verification for AGVs, AMRs and related driverless industrial-truck systems, including operating-zone conditions.
OSHA · Current guidance · verified 2026-08-14
↗03Warehousing — Hazards and solutions
Identifies struck-by, caught-between and other hazards when automation and robots are integrated into warehouse work.
NIOSH / CDC · Updated 2024-11-25 · verified 2026-08-14
↗Center for Occupational Robotics Research
Studies injury trends, risk profiles and worker safety around traditional, collaborative, mobile and AI-enabled robots.